Last modified: 2015-08-27
Abstract
An important task in architectural design that architects and designers have to solve is the organization of the space that should work appropriately and especially creatively to attend a purpose.Space planning in architecture (SP) is a field of research in which the process of arrangement of a set of space elements and problems such as distance, adjacency and other functions of arrangement are a principal concern (EASTMAN, 1971; 1973).
Generally, a SP problem is defined through two subsets; (1) topological constraints and (2) geometric constraints. First, topological constraints define a hierarchy of relationships of spatial elements such as adjacency between rooms, non-adjacencies and proximities(HOMAYOUNI, 2007).Secondly, geometrical constraints are defined on a surface, length or width, or in a space orientation.
Sutherland made Sketchpad in 1963(SUTHERLAND, 1963), as the first CAD system, and in the same year the first paper about an algorithmic implementation (CRAFT) of space planning was published by Armor and Buffa (ARMOUR; BUFFA, 1963). However, only six years later Krejcirik (KREJCIRIK, 1969) published the first paper relating space planning to CAD software.
The 1970s and 80s were particularly fruitful (GRASON, 1970; MILLER, 1971; LIGGETT; MITCHELL, 1981). In that period, SP was related to graph theory, which was used to describe the topological relationships of the spaces with nodes and edges. All this happened even before CAD became popular among architects and designers.In the early 1990s, many papers relating artificial intelligence to design were published.Evolutionary algorithms such as genetic algorithm and genetic programming are methods explored in some of these publications (JO, 1993; DAMSKI; GERO, 1995; GERO; KAZAKOV, 1995; 1997).
According to Gero a SP problem is a NP-complete and present all the difficulties associated with this class of problems (GERO;KAZAKOV,1997).For that kind of problem it is impossible to find an optimal solution in a rational time by means of an algorithm process, because of the invested computational time (GERO;KAZAKOV,1997).Search methods such as genetic algorithms have shown success in solving combinatorial optimization problems, increasing their use in SP problems. However, these methods continue to be explored in some recent research, due to the fact of their positive success achieved into the results and it is potential has not been fully explored.
Recently, three literature reviews about SP have been published based on an evolutionary approach. The first survey (LIGGETT, 2000), is the earliest and that reviewed only three papers, because at that time that concept was still in an early stage of development. Homayoumi (HOMAYOUMI, 2006), made the second research, that presented some main researches and methods to solve SP problems. A recent research made by Dutta and Sarthak (DUTTA; SARTHAK, 2011) is currently the most complete, and it is the first survey that categorizes and compares sixteen papers on that subject.
This paper presents a review of 34 papers. These were organized, discussed and compared. The databases used for selecting that papers were CUMINCAD, IEEXplore, ACM digital Library, Research Gate, Science direct and CiteSeerX.
The objective of this paper is to organize, classify and discuss about twenty-two years of SP based on an evolutionary approach for orient futures researches on that field.
The paper is organized as follows
1 – Introduction ;
2 - A Brief introductory material provide principles of SP based on an evolutionary approach;
3 - A review of the literature of SP based on an evolutionary approach problem, the theme is categorized, compared and discussed in that section ;
and
4- A result and conclusion section that underscore some points was addressed by future works.
METHODOLOGY
The first step for this research consisted of reviewing the literature existent about SP based on an evolutionary approach, we used five steps for identifying, selecting and reviewing the potential papers and thesis.
(1) Publications were identified in online databases (CUMINCAD, IEEXplore, ACM digital Library,Research Gate,Science direct and CiteSeerX)using the specific keywords :“space planning” and ”space layout planning”;
(2) The following words: “genetic algorithm”, “evolutionary”, “genetic programming” one by one were added for each keyword defined before ;
(3) For each found publication selected, the bibliography was exanimated for new potentials publications ;
(4) After reading them, some publications will be cutoff and some new potentials will be added;
and
(5) The final step will consist of a critical review for each selected publication.
Due to the applied method, the review excludes research available in mentioned databases, or studies, which have not been published in English.The following table present the selected publications in a chronological order, followed by Author, Publish date, Published name, Database and Publisher.
.
Author
Publish
Date
Published name
Database
Publisher
TAN
1992
Genetic algorithms, function optimization and facility layout design
SCIENCE DIRECT
Journal of Operation Research
KADO
1995
An investigation of genetic algorithms for facility layout problems
CITESEERX
Thesis
JO and GERO
1995
Representation and use of design knowledge
in Evolutionary Design
SCIENCE DIRECT
CAAD Futures
GERO and KAZAKOV
1995
Evolving building blocks for genetic algorithms using genetic engineering
CITESEERX
Evolutionary Computation, IEEE International Conference
GERO and KAZAKOV
1996
Learning and re-using information in
space layout planning problems using
genetic engineering
SCIENCE DIRECT
Artifical Intelligence in Engineering
JO and GERO
1996
Space layout planning using an evolutionary
approach
SCIENCE DIRECT
Artificial Intelligence in Engineering
MELLER and GAU
1996
The facility layout problem: Recent and emerging trends and perspectives
SCIENCE DIRECT
Journal of Manufacturing Systens
GARCEZ-PEREZ, SCHOENEFELD and WAINWRIGHT
1996
Solving facility layout problems using genetic programming
CITESEERX
Proceedings of the 1st annual conference on genetic programming
DAMSKI and GERO
1997
An evolutionary approach to generating constraint-based space layout topologies
CUMINCAD
CAAD Futures
JAGIELSKI and GERO
1997
A genetic programming approach to the space layout planning problem
CUMINCAD
CAAD Futures
GERO and KAZAKOV
1997
Evolving design genes in space layout planning problems
CITESEERX
Artificial Intelligence in Engineering
LI and LOVE
1998
Site-level facilities layout using genetic algorithms
CITESEERX
Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering
KOCHHAR, FOSTER and HERAGU
1998
Hope: A genetic algorithm for the unequal area facility layout problem
SCIENCE DIRECT
Computers & Operations Research
MOGHADDAIN and SHAYAN
1998
Facilities layout design by genetic algorithms
SCIENCE DIRECT
Computers & Industrial Engineering
GARZA and MAHER
1999
Evolving design layout cases to satisfy Feng Shui sonstraints
CITESEERX
ACADIA
LIGGETT
2000
Automated facilities layout: past, present and future
CUMINCAD
Automation in Construction
JANSSEN
2004
A design method and computational architecture for generating and evolving building design
CUMINCAD
Thesis
HARMANANI, ZOUEIN and HAJAR
2004
A parallel genetic algorithm for the geometrically constrained site layout problem with unequal-size facilities
CITESEERX
International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Applications
LEE, ROH and JEONG
2005
An improved genetic algorithm for multi-foor facility layout problems having inner structure walls and passages
SCIENCE DIRECT
Computers & Operations Research
WANG, HU and KU
2005
A solution to the unequal area facilities layout problem by genetic algorithm
SCIENCE DIRECT
Computers in Industry
CHENG
2006
Architectural layout optimization using annealed neural network
SCIENCE DIRECT
Automation in Construction
HOMAYOUNI
2007
A genetic algorithm approach to space layout planning optimization
CITESEERX
Thesis
DOULGERAKIS
2007
Genetic programming + unfolding embryology in automated layout planning
RESEARCHGATE
Thesis
ADEWUMI and ALI
2009
A multi-level genetic algorithm for a multi-stage space allocation problem
SCIENCE DIRECT
Mathematical and Computer Modelling
WONG and CHAN
2009
EvoArch: An evolutionary algorithm for architectural layout design
SCIENCE DIRECT
Computer-Aided Design
KNECHT
2010
Generating floor plan layouts with k-d trees and evolutionary algorithms
GENERATIVEART
GA2010 – XIII Generative Art Conference
FLACK
2010
Evolution of Architectural Floor Plans
RESEARCHGATE
Thesis
THAKUR and KUMARI
2010
Architectural layout planning using genetic algorithms
RESEARCHGATE
Computer Science and Information Technology IEEE International Conference
DUTTA and SARTHAK
2011
Architectural space planning using evolutionary computing approaches: a review
RESEARCHGATE
Artificial Intelligence Review
RODRIGUES, GASPAR and GOMES
2013
An evolutionary strategy enhanced with a local search technique for the space allocation problem in architecture, Part 1: Methodology
SCIENCE DIRECT
Computer-Aided Design
RODRIGUES, GASPAR and GOMES
2013
An evolutionary strategy enhanced with a local search technique for the space allocation problem in architecture, Part 2: Validation and performance tests
SCIENCE DIRECT
Computer-Aided Design
RODRIGUES, GASPAR and GOMES
2013
An approach to the multi-level space allocation problem in architecture using a hybrid evolutionary technique
SCIENCE DIRECT
Computer-Aided Design
FERNANDO
2014
Space planning and preliminary design using artificial life
CUMINCAD
CAADRIA
YI and YI
2014
Performance based architectural design optimization: automated 3d space layout using simulated annealing
ASHRAE
Building Simulation Conference
The second step will consist of organizing these publications in cluster subjects, then analyzing them graphically for identify tendencies along the time and possible future implantations. The third and final step will be a general discussion, that should point to potential new fields of research using SP based on an evolutionary approach.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This research is under development, we have been working on the literature review of SP based on an evolutionary approach. We expect obtain a compiled and updated discuss about SP problems based on a known online database. One of the important advantages of evolutionary approach cited in literature is that it can automatically find a reasonable solution for problems such as NP-complete and that is particularly useful when the problem have a range of constraint varied and the problem is ill defined.
Keywords
References
ARMOUR G. C; BUFFA E. S. A heuristic algorithm and simulation approach to the relative location of facilities. In: Management Sci, University of California: Los Angeles, 1963.
DAMSKI, J. C; GERO, J. S. An evolutionary approach to generating constraint-based space. In: CAAD Futures 1997, Conference Proceedings: München, pp. 855-864, 4-6 August, 1997.
DUTTA, K; SARTHAK, S. Architectural space planning using evolutionary computing approaches: a review. In: Artificial Intelligence Review. Springer: London, 2011.
EASTMAN, C. GSP: A SYSTEM FOR COMPUTER ASSISTED SPACE PLANNING .In: DAC ' 71 Proceedings of the 8th Design Automation Workshop. Proceedings: New York, 1971.
EASTMAN, C. Automated Space Planning. In: Artificial intelligence: 41-64 Elsevier, 1973.
GERO, J. S. & KAZAKOV, V., Evolving building blocks for genetic algorithms using genetic engineering. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Evolutionary Computing, 1995.
GERO, J. and KAZAKOV, V. Evolving design genes in space layout problems. In: Artificial Intelligence in Engineering 12: 163–176, 1997.
GRASON, J. Fundamental Description of a Floor Plan Design Program. In: North Carolina State University: 175-182, 1970.
HOMAYOUNI, H. A Genetic Algorithm Approach to Space Layout Planning Optimization. , Master Thesis. University of Washington: Washington, 2007.
HOMAYOUMI H. A survey of Computational Approaches to space layout planning, .retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.107.4372 on 01/05/15, 2007.
JO, J. H. 1993. A Computational Design Process Model Using a Genetic Evolution Approach. PhD Thesis, Department of Architectural and Design Science, University of Sydney, 1993.
KREJCIRIK, M .Computer-Aided Plant Layout. In: Computer-Aided Design, (autumn), pp.7-19, 1969.
LIGGETT, R.S.; MITCHELL, W. Optimal space planning in practice. In: Computer-Aided Design 13: 277–288, 1981.
LIGGETT R.S. Automated facilities layout: past, present and future. In: Automation and Construction 9:197–215, 2000.
MILLER, W.R. Computer-aided space planning. In: Introduction, DMG Newsletter 5.18-Jun, 1971.
MITCHELL, W. The theoretical foundation of computer-aided architectural design. In: Environment and Planning B 2: 127 – 150, 1973.
SUTHERLAND, I. G. Sketchpad: A man-machine graphical communication system. In:AFIPS Conference Proceedings 1963, Spartan Books: Washington, D.C., 1963.